As described in the previous part, electrical and pneumatic systems may appear fundamentally different at first glance, yet they are based on very similar descriptions that can be compared effectively.

In recent years, 3D printing has become an important technology in product development. Using the so-called additive manufacturing process, components can be built directly from digital models layer by layer in a simple and time-efficient manner.

3/2-way valves, particularly compact versions such as those using a guide tube system with a 9 mm diameter, are typically designed so that two ports are integrated into the valve body, while one port is realized at the guide tube.

Elastomer seals in the form of diaphragms or as sealing elements in pistons are only suitable for valves with nominal diameters of 10 mm or more to a limited extent for high pressures

At first glance, electrical and pneumatic systems appear to be fundamentally different, but they are based on very similar descriptions that can be easily compared.

Thermopneumatic valves can be classified in the group of thermally actuated valves, such as bimetal valves and valves with shape memory alloys, and represent a niche solution that is mainly used in micropneumatics.